Vuggy Silica

By Miguel A Heredia

During the 39^th week of the year (September 23^rd to September 29^th 2024), at least 28 press releases were announced by companies working in Mexico, and 7 news published by the media, with nine disclosing deals and corporate issues, eight announcing financing rounds, eight commenting on Mexican issues, three reporting resources and development of their properties, three communicating production and financial results, three informing on exploration results, and one discussing social issues. ON MEXICO ISSUES, The marine exploration company Odyssey, in which Carlos Ancira had a shareholding, won to the Mexican government, a USD $37.1M arbitration within the NAFTA. Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO)expropriated from Vulcan Materials a port and a quarry in Quintana Roo, which deepened tensions days before he leaves office. Andrés Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO), in a last surprise “play” before concluding his mandate fulfilled his warning and finally took control of a port and a quarry owned by the American company Vulcan Materials, with which maintains a dispute for several years now. AMLO concludes his government with the expropriation of the land and port of the Calica mine, property of the American company Vulcan Materials Company in Quintana Roo. Metal prices hit highs and boost mining companies in the stock market. Kootenay Silver reported the best drilling intercepts in Mexico on the fourth week of September, 2024.  ON EXPLORATION, In Chihuahua, Kootenay released results from five drill holes at its Columba project, and Quetzal Copper reported completion of the phase one exploration and drilling program at it’s the Cristinas project. In Sinaloa, Prismo commenced a 1,250m drill program at its Palos Verdes project. ON MINING, Agnico Eagle announced that it willreport its Q3, 2024 results on October 30, 2024 (Pinos Altos mine, Chihuahua). Sierra Madre Gold and Silver announced that it has generated over USD $2.4M in revenues from its test mining and milling operations at the La Guitarra mine complex in the state of Mexico.  ON FINANCING, Luca Mining announced the successful completion of its brokered private placement, raising a total of CAD $11.3M through a combination of 19,000,000 Listed Issuer Financing Exemption (LIFE) units and an increased non-brokered private placement of 6,126,167 units due to high demand (Campo Morado mine, Guerrero and Tahuehueto mine, Durango). Sonora Desert Copper amended its private placement financing (Cuatro Hermanos project, Sonora). Vizsla Silver announced the closing of over-allotment option in full (Panuco project, Sinaloa). VVC reported a 1-year extension for 57,567,800 Series AG share purchase warrants (Gloria project, Chihuahua). Sonoro Gold closed an over-subscribed non-brokered private placement for gross proceeds of CAD $875K (Cerro Caliche project, Sonora). Goldgroup closed a non-brokered private placement for gross proceeds of CAD$775K (Cerro Prieto mine, Sonora). Luca Mining announced that it closed its fully subscribed brokered private placement for gross proceeds of CAD $8.55M (Campo Morado mine, Guerrero, and Tahuehueto mine, Durango). Royalties Inc., closed a non-brokered private placement for gross proceeds of $105K (Bilbao project, Zacatecas). ON RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT, Starcore announced an increase of its Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources for its San Martin mine in Queretaro as of April 30, 2024. Los Gatos Silver disclosed and updated Mineral Reserves Estimate and Mineral Resource Estimate for its Cerro Los Gatos mine in Chihuahua, and reported an updated mine of life plan. Southern Silver announced a 6,000m drill program at its Cerro Las Minitas project in Durango.  ON DEALS AND CORPORATE ISSUES, Sandstorm Gold declared quarterly cash dividend for 2024 (Mercedes Mine, Sonora). Torex announced the appointment of a new member to its Board of Directors (El Limon-Guajes mine complex, Guerrero). (Vizsla Royalties granted stock options to directors, officers, employees, and consultants of the company (Panuco project, Sinaloa). Prime Mining announced the appointment of a new member to its Board of Directors (Los Reyes project, Sinaloa). Silver Storm provided a bi-weekly update on September 24, 2024, regarding its management cease trade order (MCTO) issued by the British Columbia Securities Commission (La Parrilla mine, Durango). Guanajuato Silver provided an update on the acquisition of El Cubo mine in Guanajuato from Endeavor Silver. Apollo Silver entered into an exploration, earn-in and option agreement with MAG Silver to acquire the Cinco de Mayo project in Chihuahua. Southern Silver granted incentive stock options to various directors, officers, and consultants (Cerro Las Minitas project, Durango). Florida Canyon provided an update on its Mexican transaction, which involves the sale of its interests in several mines to Heliostar Metals Ltd. ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, Vizsla Silver released its second annual sustainability report (Panuco project, Sinaloa).

ON MEXICO ISSUE

• The marine exploration company Odyssey Marine Exploration, in which Carlos Ancira, the former president of Altos Hornos de México S.A.B. de C.V., had a shareholding, won an arbitration from the Mexican government protected by NAFTA/TW investor protection. The company was seeking damages in the amount of just over USD $2.3 B and what was finally achieved after the lawsuit was USD $37.1M. The former president of Altos Hornos bought a shareholding in Odyssey for USD $3M in 2015 through his investment vehicle´s Epsilon. The intention of Ancira and its partners was to dredge the seabed of the Gulf of Ulloa, Baja California, on the north Pacific Coast. To extract phosphate, an input used to manufacture fertilizers, a business to which the businessman was dedicated through its firm Agronitrogenados, sold at an extra cost to PEMEX, a scandal that kept the former president of the oil company Emilio Lozoya in jail. Unfortunately, it is a victory that Ancira could not savor, who in September 2021 sold his shareholding in Odyssey, in part to raise the money he promised as a reparation agreement to the Mexican government (in favor of PEMEX) for the Agronitrogenados operation, cause for which he was even detained in the North Prison of CDMX.
• Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) expropriated from Vulcan Materials a port and a quarry in Quintana Roo, which deepened tensions days before he leaves office. The government of Mexico declared the land south of Cancun and Playa del Carmen as a protected natural area via decree in the Official Gazette of the Federation, this a few hours after US legislators sought to dissuade such a measure. Vulcan´s shares fell 1.03% to USD $249.73 during the morning of September 24, 2024.  Vulcan had previously said the AMLO´s government actions are illegal and that it would add the latest measures to an ongoing arbitration case in the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes of the World Bank. It marks another movement by AMLO (a staunch nationalist) against private business. A new congress with a supermajority of Morena and allies in both chambers began its term last September and since then they have approved a reform of the Judiciary that has raised fear among capitals in Mexico. Claudia Sheinbaum, who will takes office on October 1, 2024 has not publicly commented on the Vulcan issue since her landslide victory, but a year ago said she hoped the company would accept AMLO´s offer to buy its land for MXP $6,500M. Last year, Vulcan sought intervention from Joe Biden administration against what it saw as the threat of a government takeover of the Riviera Maya property. It said that a valuation made by the Mexican government deeply undervalued the assets. On September 23, 2024, a bipartisan group of US senators proposed legislation to pressure Mexico to retract its expropriation plan. Vulcan is not the only foreign company that has sought legal recourse after government intervention. In December, Mexico took control of operations of a hydrogen processing plant owned by French industrial gases maker Air Liquid. Last year, AMLO announced plans to buy USD $6B worth of energy assets from Iberdrola after the Spain Company faced political hostility from Mexico that affected its permits and supply. AMLO also ordered the cancellation of projects including an airport and a brewery plan during his term. The US ambassador to Mexico, Ken Salazar, warned that companies may lose confidence in Mexico as an investment destination as a result of the judicial reform promoted by congress this month. The change eliminates a check on government power by making federal judges democratically elected, including in the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation (SCJN).
• Andrés Manuel Lopez Obrador (AMLO), in a last surprise “play” before concluding his mandate fulfilled his warning and finally took control of a port and a quarry owned by the American company Vulcan Materials, with which maintains a dispute for several years now. On September 23, 2024, the head of the executive published a declaration of a protected natural area of an area of more than 53,000 hectares south of Cancun and Playa del Carmen, where the land occupied by Vulcan and an open pit mine of the foreign company are located, dedicated to the extraction of limestone through its subsidiary Calizas Industriales del Carmen (Calica). Vulcan said in a statement that the expropriation of the land and port owned by the company is another escalation and constitutes a new violation of Mexico´s commitments under North American trade agreements, and added that this illegal measure will have a chilling and long-term effect on trade and investment relations between USA and Mexico.
• AMLO concludes his government with the expropriation of the land and port of the Calica mine, property of the American company Vulcan Materials Company in Quintana Roo, involved in a conflict that has kept it without operations in Mexico for three years. The announcement of the expropriation is not a good sign to attract investment to Mexico and could damage business confidence. In the decree published last September 23, 2024 in the Official Gazette of the Federation, the Mexican government justifies its decision by citing the fourth article of the Constitution in its fifth paragraph, which establishes that “every person has the right to a healthy environment for their development and well-being, so the State will guarantee respect for this right.” Furthermore, it invokes article 27 of the Constitution in its third paragraph, which states that “the nation will at all times have the right to impose on private property the modalities dictated by the public interest.” The decree of the federal Executive declares a protected natural area the area located south of Cancun and Playa del Carmen, where the Vulcan lands are located under the Sac-Tun firm (formerly Calica). The measure is intended to prevent the construction company from extracting limestone from the land it owned for decades and which the AMLO government previously tried to acquire without success. The American company not only considers the expropriation of its investments in Quintana Roo illegal, but also warns of a direct conflict with provisions of the T-MEC. The reason is that the investment chapter of the Treaty between Mexico, the United States and Canada states that “no party shall expropriate or nationalize a covered investment, either directly or indirectly through equivalents to expropriation or nationalization,” except in the following cases: For reasons of public utility; in a non-discriminatory manner; through the payment of prompt, adequate and effective compensation, and in accordance with due legal process. The investment chapter contains provisions on expropriation and compensation, which must provide investors with certainty that their properties and positions will be respected, and guarantee non-discriminatory treatment and prompt, effective and adequate compensation, in cases where that their rights are substantially affected by the actions of the State. According to experts consulted, the Calica issue is very serious, since there are no precedents for similar cases since NAFTA. Although expropriation is not a good sign to attract investment to Mexico and can damage business confidence, this week two large American companies confirmed investment announcements in the country totaling USD $2.9 B.
• Metal prices hit highs and boost mining companies in the stock market, with the price of silver rising to its highest level in almost 12 years, taking advantage of gold’s rally to all-time highs, as interest rate cuts from Major central banks fueled investment interest in precious metals. Silver futures rose 0.91% on the Chicago Stock Exchange, to USD $32.31 an ounce, after reaching their highest since December 2012, of USD $32.71. Spot gold rose 0.5% to USD $2,670.52 an ounce, having hit an all-time high of USD $2,685.42 earlier in the day. US gold futures for December delivery advanced 0.39% to USD $2,694.9. Copper prices rose to their highest level in nearly 16 weeks, boosted by hopes of firmer demand for metals after China announced fiscal stimulus measures following an easing of monetary policy to boost its sluggish economy. Three-month copper on the London Metal Exchange (LME) broke the psychological level of USD $10,000 per metric ton, touching the highest level since June 7. This Thursday it gained 3.53% to USD $10,084. The securities of the main mining companies operating in Mexico led the gains in Thursday’s session (September 24, 2024) on the Mexican Stock Exchange. The securities of Grupo México and Industrias Peñoles rose 4.18 and 4.23%, respectively. Shares of Grupo México, an industrial conglomerate with interests in the mining and rail transportation industries, are trading at MXP $112.68, their highest level since May 21, 2024. The shares of Industrias Peñoles were quoted at MXP $292.35, their highest level since April 19, 2024. Meanwhile, Fresnillo shares on the BMV rose 21.69%, while those listed in London advanced 2.74 %. With Thursday’s movement, Grupo México gained MXP $35,655M pesos in market capitalization, going from MXP $842,026M to MXP $877,681M in one day. Industrias Peñoles gained MXP $4,714M in market value, going from MXP $111,488M to MXP $116,202M.
• Kootenay Silver Inc., reported the best drilling intercepts in Mexico on the fourth week of September, 2024. Details are shown in the table below:

ON EXPLORATION

• Kootenay Silver Inc., released results from five drill holes at its Columba project in Chihuahua.  The batch reported comprises two step-out holes and three “infill” holes designed to test a large gap in drilling on the D-Vein. Drilling continues to hit high grades of silver, over good widths and has now expanded the D-Vein strike length to 1,275 meters from 450 meters at the beginning of the program. Drilling highlights(true width reported)  include holes CDH-24-165 with 739 g/t Ag, 0.3% Pb, and 1% Zn over 0.32m, plus 96 g/t Ag, 0.1% Pb, and 0.3% Zn over 18.18m, including 395 g/t Ag, 0.4% Pb, and 1.8% Zn over 2.37m, including 844 g/t Ag, 0.9% Pb, and 9.5% Zn over 0.37m; and hole CDH-24-166 with 176 g/t Ag, 0.1% Pb, and 0.4% Zn over 21.85m, including 1,020 g/t Ag, 1% Pb, and 2.5% Zn over 0.76m, plus 303 g/t Ag, 0.2% Pb, and 0.7% Zn over 6.87m, including 593 g/t Ag, 0.3% Pb, and 1.8% Zn over 1.91m, including 1,095 g/t Ag, 0.7% Pb, and 5.7% Zn over 0.40m.
• Quetzal Copper Corp., reported completion of the phase one exploration and drilling program at it’s the Cristinas project in Chihuahua. Quetzal completed three drillholes and a downhole EM (electromagnetic) survey to follow-up on targets generated by surface mapping, sampling, and fixed loop EM surveys. “Each hole evaluated prospective conductors defined by the geophysical surveys. Unfortunately, the limited copper mineralization encountered does not justify further exploration at this time”.
• Prismo Metals Inc., commenced a 1,250m drill program at its Palos Verdes project in Sinaloa. The goal is to explore the vein system to the west of the fault below the zone of bonanza grade intercepts from the previous campaigns.

ON MINING

• Agnico Eagle Mines Limited announced that it willreport its Q3, 2024 results on October 30, 2024 after normal trading hours (Pinos Altos mine, Chihuahua).
• Sierra Madre Gold and Silver Ltd., announced that it has generated over USD $2.4M in revenues from its test mining and milling operations at the La Guitarra mine complex in the state of Mexico, with an average daily production rate of 350 tonnes over the past 30 days. The test mining has been ongoing since June 25, 2024, processing a total of 27,990 tonnes of material. The company aims to increase production to 400 tonnes per day and eventually reach commercial production of 500 tonnes per day by the end of the year. The concentrate grades for silver and gold range from 2,752 g/t to 3,442 g/t Ag and 28.65 to 38.45 g/t Au.
• Guanajuato Silver Company Ltd., announced that it produced over 3M Oz AgEq at its El Cubo mine in Guanajuato, triggering a USD $1M contingent payment to Endeavour Silver Corp. as part of the 2021 acquisition of El Cubo for USD $15M.

ON FINANCING

• Luca Mining Corp., announced the successful completion of its brokered private placement, raising a total of CAD $11.3M through a combination of 19,000,000 Listed Issuer Financing Exemption (LIFE) units and an increased non-brokered private placement of 6,126,167 units due to high demand. Key investors include Term Oil Inc. and CEO Dan Barnholden. The funds will be used for ongoing improvements at the Campo Morado mine in Guerrero, exploration drilling at Campo Morado, Guerrero and Tahuehueto, Durango, and general corporate purposes. The financings are set to close on or about September 26, 2024, pending necessary approvals.
• Sonora Desert Copper Corporation amended its private placement financing. It cancelled 1,700,000 of the $0.10 units issued, for a revised total of funds raised of $840,750 (was $1,010,750) and shares and warrants issued 8,407,500 (was 10,107,500). The company cancelled 1,700,000 common shares and 1,700,000 common share purchase warrants which had been issued to a subscriber who, subsequent to the closing, withdrew their subscription (Cuatro Hermanos project, Sonora).
• Vizsla Silver Corp., announced the closing of over-allotment option in full, generating additional gross proceeds of CAD $9.75M. Net proceeds of the offering will be used to advance the exploration, drilling and development of the company’s Panuco project, as well as for working capital and general corporate purposes.
• VVC Exploration Corporation reported a 1 year extension for 57,567,800 Series AG share purchase warrants, presently expiring on September 30, 2024. “The warrants, exercisable at $0.075 per share, were issued pursuant to a Private Placement in September 2020 with a 3-year expiry and were extended last September for an additional year. The warrants have been out-of-the-money for some time.  If approved by the TSXV, the warrants will expire on September 30, 2025” (Gloria project, Chihuahua).
• Sonoro Gold Corp., closed an over-subscribed non-brokered private placement of 17.5M units at a price of CAD $0.05 per unit for gross proceeds of CAD $875K. Net proceeds will be used to fund the ongoing development of its Cerro Caliche project in Sonora, and for general working capital purposes (Cerro Caliche project, Sonora).
• Goldgroup Mining Inc., closed a non-brokered private placement of 15.5M units at a price of CAD $0.05 per unit for gross proceeds of CAD$775K. Net proceeds will be used to increase crushing capabilities from 2,250 tpd to 4,500 tpd at the Company’s Cerro Prieto heap leach gold mine in Sonora, and for general working capital requirements.
• Luca Mining Corp., announced that it closed its fully subscribed brokered private placement for gross proceeds of CAD $8.55M by the issuance and sale of 19M units at a price of CAD $0.45 per unit. The funds will be used for ongoing improvements at the Campo Morado mine in Guerrero, exploration drilling at Campo Morado, Guerrero and Tahuehueto, Durango, and general corporate purposes.
• Royalties Inc., closed a non-brokered private placement of 3M common shares at a price of $0.035 per share for gross proceeds of $105K. Funds will be used to cover overhead and Mexico expenses (Bilbao project, Zacatecas).

ON RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

• Starcore Mines International Ltd., announced an increase of its Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources for its San Martin mine in Queretaro as of April 30, 2024. The updated mineral reserves and mineral resources estimates are reported net of the production from the San Martin property (see tables below):

• Los Gatos Silver Inc., disclosed and updated Mineral Reserve Estimate and Mineral Resource Estimate for its Cerro Los Gatos mine (CLG) in Chihuahua.  The company has 70% interest in the Los Gatos JV, which in turn owns the Cerro Los Gatos mine. Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource by category with an effective day July 1, 2024 are summarized in the next tables:

The company also reported a strong free cash flow throughout the updated life of mine (LOM), with a mine life extended to the end of 2032, which adds two years of additional reserves and a 36% increase in AgEq production compared with the prior LOM plan; a low by-product AISC of $6.29 per Oz of payable of silver, and co-product AISC of $14.89 per Oz of payable silver equivalent; an average annual after-tax free cash flow of $80M, resulting in an after-tax NPV of $539M based on 2024 reserve price assumptions at a silver price of $23/Oz; an average annual after-tax free cash flow of $111M, resulting in an after-tax NPV5 of $760M, at a silver price of $30/Oz or an average annual after-tax free cash flow of $136M, resulting in an after-tax NPV5 of $935M, at a silver price of $35/Oz; and an average annual production over the LOM of 6.1M Oz Ag, 67M Lb Zn and 50M Lb Pb, or 12.9M Oz AgEq production.

• Southern Silver Exploration Corp., announced a 6,000m drill program at its Cerro Las Minitas project in Durango.  Goal of the drill program is to “demonstrate further lateral projections of shallow high-grade mineralization adjacent to planned mine and mill infrastructure in the area of the Eastern Deposits (South Skarn, Mina La Bocona and North Felsite), which also would provide additional tonnage for extraction early in any planned mining schedule. Further drilling beyond the 6,000m current program would test down-dip of the known eastern deposits which could further enhance the continued resource potential of the project”. The program is anticipated to commence in the coming weeks.

ON DEALS AND CORPORATE ISSUES

• Sandstorm Gold Royalties declared quarterly cash dividend for 2024in the amount of $0.02per common share to shareholders of record as of the close of business on October 15, 2024. The dividend will be paid on October 25, 2024 (Mercedes Mine, Sonora).
• Torex Gold Resources Inc., announced the appointment of a new member to its Board of Directors, effective October 1, 2024 (El Limon-Guajes mine complex, Guerrero).
• Vizsla Royalties Corp., granted 1,961,000 stock options at an exercise price of $1.86 to directors, officers, employees, and consultants of the company. The Options are exercisable for a period of five years and will vest over the next two years (Panuco project, Sinaloa).
• Prime Mining Corp., announced the appointment of a new member to its Board of Directors (Los Reyes project, Sinaloa).
• Silver Storm Mining Ltd., provided a bi-weekly update on September 24, 2024, regarding its management cease trade order (MCTO) issued by the British Columbia Securities Commission. The MCTO was announced due to delays in filing the company’s annual financial statements and related documents for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, primarily caused by complexities in the acquisition of the La Parrilla assets in Durango. The company has until September 27, 2024, to complete its annual filings and expects to file interim filings shortly thereafter. The MCTO does not affect the ability of other shareholders to trade the company’s securities.
• Guanajuato Silver Company Ltd., announced that in order to comply with the acquisition or El Cubo from Endeavour Silver Corp., for USD $15M, the transaction included contingent payment that would see Endeavour paid an additional USD $1M once 3M Oz AgEq had been produced at El Cubo. As part of the agreement, Guanajuato Silver can settle half of this payment with 2,753,265 common shares at CAD $0.245 each. Endeavour will settle the remaining balance with approximately 2,720,000 shares at CAD $0.25 each. Ocean Partners UK Limited will also accept shares for USD $1.8M in outstanding payments under the Gold Loan Credit Facility. All settlements are subject to TSX Venture Exchange approval and a four-month hold period.
• Apollo Silver Corp., entered into an exploration, earn-in and option agreement with MAG Silver Corp., and its subsidiary Minera Pozo Seco S.A.de C.V. (MPS), to acquire the Cinco de Mayo project in Chihuahua. The agreement allows Apollo Silver to acquire MAG’s subsidiary, MPS, which owns the Project’s mineral concessions, contingent on obtaining necessary licenses and completing 20,000m of drilling within five years. The company will issue common shares to MAG equivalent to 19.9% upon exercising the option and will manage all exploration activities.
• Southern Silver Exploration Corp., granted incentive stock options to various directors, officers, and consultants to purchase 6.5M common shares of the company at an exercise price of $0.31 per share, exercisable for a period of five years (Cerro Las Minitas project, Durango).
• Florida Canyon Gold Inc., provided an update on its Mexican Transaction, which involves the sale of its interests in the San Agustin mine and El Castillo mine in Durango, La Colorada mine in Sonora, Cerro del Gallo project in Guanajuato, and San Antonio project in Baja California Sur to Heliostar Metals Ltd. The transaction is expected to close in Q4, 2024, pending necessary approvals, including from Mexico’s Federal Economic Competition Commission (COFECE). Additionally, Florida Canyon has filed management information circular for a special meeting on October 25, 2024, where shareholders will vote on a proposed arrangement with Integra Resources Corp., which aims to acquire all outstanding Florida Canyon shares at a specified exchange ratio. The completion of both the Mexican Transaction and the arrangement is subject to various approvals and customary closing conditions 

ON SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

• Vizsla Silver Corp., released its second annual sustainability report, highlighting the Company’s ongoing commitment to Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) practices. The company cultivated approximately 4,000 native trees, accounting for 15 different species that will serve in future restoration activities; provided essential medical care to nearly 550 community members; invested nearly CAD $100K in the local community, bringing our cumulative total investment to over CAD $400K; and initiated the process of updating their social impact assessment and formalizing the Social Management Plan (Panuco project, Sinaloa).

Content like what you have just read can be seen at https://gambusinoprospector.com/ and at LinkedIn’s Mexico Mineral Exploration Group.

On the picture above, core showing vuggy silica in a high-sulphidation epithermal system in a project in Jalisco, Mexico. Photo taken by Miguel A Heredia.